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King James Version.

Before we begin let’s define some words so you understand the meaning.
The term "canon" refers to a set of texts, or books that are considered to be from God and are a part of the Bible.
The word "canon" comes from the Greek word kanon, which means "rule" or "measuring stick". In Christian usage, "canon" has come to mean "rule of faith".
The word Codex is an ancient manuscript text in book form.
The word Extant is a document still in existence surviving the original manuscript that no longer exists.
A papyrus scroll was made from the pith of the papyrus plant. It is a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll. An early form of a book used by Egyptians, Romans and Greeks. The material taken from a papyrus plant predominately composed the scrolls of the ancient world since 3000 BC. The plant was native only to Egypt and considered the major distributor to the rest of the Mediterranean world.
Animal skins such as lamb, goat, deer or cow were also used as parchments.

The New Testament.
The New Testament was written in Koine Greek.
Because of the Babylonian exile, the language of the Jews shifted from Hebrew to Aramaic. The common people spoke Aramaic as their everyday language. However, the High Priest, the educated and religious sect still spoke Hebrew especially during religious ceremonies.
There is no doubt that Jesus spoke Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek. We know Jesus spoke Aramaic because on the cross when He was crucified He said in Aramaic, Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? Which is being interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
These words of Jesus on the cross fulfilled Psalms 22.

In the 3rd century BC after Alexander the Great conquered the world, the Greek language became the primary language of all people. Greek was the language of business and of the Gentiles.
Greek was also the primary language of the aristocracy in the city of Rome and was known by much of Roman society in general. By 30 BC the Romans had conquered the Eastern Mediterranean, which made Greek the Empire's most widespread language as most all people spoke Greek.
Latin was the official language of Rome for legislation and military use. However, Koine Greek also known as Hellenistic Greek in the eastern regions of the empire was the “lingua franca” (common language) of the Roman Empire from the conquests of Alexander the Great in 326 BC.
Koine Greek is a combination of various dialects of Ancient Greek that became the common dialect.
Most Romans spoke Greek as did Julius Caesar even though Latin was the official language of Rome.
Rome conquered Greece around 146 BC and in 63 BC Rome conquered Jerusalem.
By the first century Jews were also using Greek in both secular and sacred literature.
In the Greco-Roman world, the New Testament gospels and epistles were written in Greek because of Hellenistic Jewish culture in the Roman Empire. More Jews spoke Greek than Hebrew. Greek was widely used by the majority of Jews in the first century and was the language of most Gentiles.
The Gospel of Mark was written in Greek for a gentile audience such as Rome, Galilee, Antioch, and southern Syria. 
It is my personal opinion that the apostles wrote the New Testament in Greek because it was the common language of all people in the region.
Only certain Jews spoke Hebrew and Jesus told the apostles to take the gospel to the world and all people.
Paul said in Romans 1:16, For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

The 8 authors of the New Testament.
The original Greek text of the New Testament was written between 40 to 100 AD.
We know this because all the authors of the New Testament excluding John, were put to death before 100 AD and most during 60 to 68 AD.


1. Matthew was martyred in Ethiopia around the year 60 AD.
2. Mark was martyred in Egypt in 68 AD
3. Luke was martyred at age 84 in the Greek city of Thebes between 84-100 AD.
4. There is no record of John’s death only speculations. John is the only disciple who followed Jesus all the way to the cross. Jesus looked down from the cross and saw His mother and John. Jesus told the other disciples, if John tarries until I come again what is that to you?
The disciples took that to mean John would not die. In the book of Revelation in chapter 10 John is to prophesy again in the last days. Jesus once said, there are people standing here who will not see death until I come again.
5. Paul was martyred in Rome in 64 AD.
6. Peter was crucified upside down in Rome in 64 AD.
7. James was the first of the apostles to be martyred in 44 AD.
8. Jude suffered martyrdom about 65 AD in Beirut, in the Roman province of Syria.

The Manuscripts.
We do not have the “New Testament Autographa” which are the original text written by the original authors. However, we do have copies which date back to the 2nd century within decades of the originals.
All the copies from the originals match and there are no scriptural discrepancies.
Again, God preserves His word, not man.

There are approximately 5,800 Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. In addition, there are 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and 9,300 manuscripts in other languages.
The New Testament was translated into Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Armenian, Gothic, Old Church Slavonic. Every one of these translations agree with the other and say the exact same thing. We do not have the originals of any of these translations but with the copies we do have we can get as close as AD 120 or earlier. That is 60 years from the originals.
No other historical writing or documents come that close to the original.
The Rylans Library Papyrus P52 also known as the St John’s fragment is the earliest extant Greek New Testament fragment dating from the second century AD.
It contains the text of John 18:31-38.
The first complete copies of single New Testament books appear around 200 AD, and the earliest complete copy of the New Testament, the Codex Sinaiticus, dates to the 4th century.
As many as 10,000 copies of the manuscripts translated in Latin were translated from the original Greek text. These versions were based on the Greek manuscripts which were copied by the translators who were translating from the originals.
We also have “Patristic evidence”, which were quotations of the New Testament by the early church fathers who made comments on the New Testament in the margins.
By these quotation and comments we can reconstruct 95% of the original Greek text.
When Paul, James, Peter or any of the other authors of the New Testament wrote their letters or epistles. They would send them out to the various churches and believers who would then make copies. These copies were passed around to other believers.
I believe the original texts were put away and hidden somewhere just like the Dead Sea Scrolls and will someday be discovered in an archaeological find. That is my own belief.

There are people who claim that zealous monks changed the text of the New Testament from the original. That would be to impossible to do. That means these zealous monks would have had to change the text of 5,800 of the original manuscript copies, 10,000 Latin manuscript copies and all the manuscripts that were translated in Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Armenian, Gothic, Old Church Slavonic without anyone discovering what they had done. Impossible.
There are no contradictions or discrepancies in any of the 5,800 Greek manuscript copies, nor in the 10,000 Latin copies, which concludes no changes could have been made. Otherwise we would have manuscripts that contradict one another. They would have also had to change the early father’s quotations in the margins, which would also present a contradiction. This is a false and unthought out foolish notion by people who are just scoffers. In other plain words, ignorance and unbelievers.

The First Bible.
The word Codex is defined as an ancient manuscript text in book form.
Codex Sinaiticus is the Oldest Bible from the 4th century including half of the Hebrew Old Testament and the complete New Testament, including letters of Barnabas and the book of Shepherd of Hermas. It was copied by 4 monks however they were very bad spellers.
Later 27,000 corrections were made between the 4th to the 12th century but mostly spelling errors. The Codex Sinaiticus was discovered at St Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai. Portions are now located in 4 libraries around the world with most of the Codex Sinaiticus located in the Library of London.

In 331 AD Emperor Constantine of Rome commissioned 50 Bibles by Eusebius of Caesarea in the original Greek language from the Christian scriptures for the Bishop of the churches at Constantinople. It is believed that none of the 50 Bibles exist today.

The Codex Vaticanus is considered to be the oldest extant copy of the Bible. It was commissioned in the 4th century as was the Codex Sinaiticus. It is though that both Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus were part of the 50 Bibles commissioned by Constantine but it has never been proven. The Codex Vaticanus is named after its place of conservation in the Vatican Library where it has been kept since the 15th century. The Codex Vaticanus was copied in Greek including the Old Testament which was originally written in Hebrew.
The books of the Old Testament in the Codex Vaticanus are,
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 1 Chronicles, 2 Chronicles, 3 Esdras (LXX 1 Esdras), 2 Esdras (Ezra-Nehemiah), Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Job, Wisdom, Prologue to Ecclesiasticus, Ecclesiasticus, Esther (with additions), Judith, Tobit, Hosea, Amos, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Baruch, Lamentations, Epistle of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel (with additions).
The books of the New Testament include,
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts James, 1 Peter, 2 Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, Hebrews, Revelation. Note: 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus and Philemon are not included in the Codex Vaticanus.

St. Jerome translated the Bible into Latin between 383 and 404 AD. The translation was originally from Greek, but Jerome corrected the Old Testament against the Hebrew original. The Latin translation is called the Vulgate, which comes from the Latin phrase editio vulgata, meaning "common version". The Vulgate is the Latin Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church.

From the 4th century to 1539, over 1,100 years the Bible was not available to the common man. Anyone who was caught with a Bible that was not in Latin was burned at the stake.

The Old Testament.
We do not have the original text from the Old Testament. What we have is the Codex Sassoon, which is the earliest complete Hebrew Bible, and the Codex Leningradensis, which is the oldest Hebrew manuscript of the entire Old Testament. The Codex Sassoon is the basis for Biblical translations used today by Jews and Christians.
The Codex Sassoon is permanently displayed at the ANU - Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv, Israel. The 1,100-year-old Hebrew Bible is the earliest most complete edition of the Bible.
The Codex Leningradensis is located at The National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg which was previously known as Leningrad.
The Codex Sassoon contains all 24 books of the Tanakh, written on parchment sheets by a single scribe and bound together as a book or codex. Unlike traditional Torah scrolls used in synagogues, Codex Sassoon contains vocalization, punctuation, and cantillation marks.
Leningrad Codex, also known as the Leningradensis, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. It was created in 1008 AD by a scribe named Samuel in Cairo, and is now housed in the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg. The text is divided into three parts: consonants, vowels, and accents. The consonants of each word were originally written on the parchment, and the Jewish community preserved the consonants-only text for over a thousand years.

In Jesus day scribes were responsible for making copies of the Old Testament that were given to synagogues and passed down. Scribes were taught to be careful to make sure their copies matched the originals. The Old Testament was preserved by scribes and written in hand on papyrus scrolls. Each book of the Hebrew Bible was written on its own separate scroll except for the twelve Minor Prophets, which were always written on a single scroll.
The oldest copy of the Old Testament translated into Greek is the Septuagint, the earliest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew dated to the 2nd century.
The Septuagint (LXX), the first translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, became the accepted text of the Old Testament in the Christian church and the basis of its canon. The Masoretic Text, compiled by the Jewish scribes and scholars of the Early Middle Ages, comprises the Hebrew and Aramaic 24 books that they considered authoritative. 

The oldest text we have of the old Testament are the Dead Sea Scrolls, which are in a museum in Jerusalem. The text from the Dead Sea Scrolls match our Bibles exactly.
For example, the book of Isaiah from the Dead Sea Scrolls matches the book of Isaiah in our Bible. This is absolute proof that God preserves his word and not man. That is important for you to understand.
The Old Testament is the first part of the Christian Bible and it is based on the Hebrew Bible, or the Tanakh. The Tanakh is a collection of ancient religious writings originally written in Hebrew with the exception of a few passages in Aramaic in the Book of Daniel. The Old Testament includes the laws, covenants, ceremonial rituals and history of the ancient Jewish people. 
The first five books of the Old Testament are called the Pentateuch in Greek and called the Torah in Hebrew, which were written by Moses was placed in the ark of the covenant.
The written Torah is an important text for Judaism and world history, which by definition, means the ''law'' or ''teachings'' of Judaism. It contains the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The written Torah is the first part of the Tanakh, the Jewish Hebrew Bible or Christian Old Testament.
The Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible, was written in Hebrew between 1300 BC and 100 BC.

Jesus verified the Old Testament scripture that was used in his day by making references and quoting scripture from the Old Testament that the people recognized.
Jesus fulfilled 356 prophecies of the Old Testament, giving validity to its truth as God’s divine word
The New Testament is the fulfillment of the Old Testament.

The English Bible History. (Source: GREATSITE)
In 1551, a Parisian printer named Robert Stephanus published a Greek and Latin edition of the New Testament in which each chapter was divided into separate verses. These are the verse divisions still in use today. They first appeared in an English translation in the 1560 Geneva Version.

The first hand-written English language Bible manuscripts were produced in the 1380’s AD by John Wycliffe, an Oxford professor, scholar, and theologian. Wycliffe, (also spelled “Wycliff” & “Wyclif”), was well-known throughout Europe for his opposition to the teaching of the organized Church, which he believed to be contrary to the Bible. With the help of his followers, called the Lollards, and his assistant Purvey, and many other faithful scribes, Wycliffe produced dozens of English language manuscript copies of the scriptures. They were translated out of the Latin Vulgate, which was the only source text available to Wycliffe. The Pope was so infuriated by his teachings and his translation of the Bible into English, that 44 years after Wycliffe had died, he ordered the bones to be dug-up, crushed, and scattered in the river! One of Wycliffe’s followers, John Hus, actively promoted Wycliffe’s ideas: that people should be permitted to read the Bible in their own language, and they should oppose the tyranny of the Roman church that threatened anyone possessing a non-Latin Bible with execution. Hus was burned at the stake in 1415, with Wycliffe’s manuscript Bibles used as kindling for the fire. The last words of John Hus were that, “in 100 years, God will raise up a man whose calls for reform cannot be suppressed.” Almost exactly 100 years later, in 1517, Martin Luther nailed his famous 95 Theses of Contention (a list of 95 issues of heretical theology and crimes of the Roman Catholic Church) into the church door at Wittenberg. The prophecy of Hus had come true! Martin Luther went on to be the first person to translate and publish the Bible in the commonly-spoken dialect of the German people; a translation more appealing than previous German Biblical translations. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs records that in that same year, 1517, seven people were burned at the stake by the Roman Catholic Church for the crime of teaching their children to say the Lord’s Prayer in English rather than Latin.

Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 1450s, and the first book to ever be printed was a Latin language Bible, printed in Mainz, Germany. Gutenberg’s Bibles are surprisingly beautiful, as each leaf Gutenberg printed was later colorfully hand-illuminated. Born as “Johann Gensfleisch” (John Gooseflesh), he preferred to be known as “Johann Gutenberg” (John Beautiful Mountain). Ironically, though he had created what many believe to be the most important invention in history, Gutenberg was a victim of unscrupulous business associates who took control of his business and left him in poverty. Nevertheless, the invention of the movable-type printing press meant that Bibles and books could finally be effectively produced in large quantities in a short period of time. This was essential to the success of the Reformation.

In the 1490’s another Oxford professor, and the personal physician to King Henry the 7th and 8th, Thomas Linacre, decided to learn Greek. After reading the Gospels in Greek, and comparing it to the Latin Vulgate, he wrote in his diary, “Either this (the original Greek) is not the Gospel… or we are not Christians.” The Latin had become so corrupt that it no longer even preserved the message of the Gospel… yet the Church still threatened to kill anyone who read the scripture in any language other than Latin… though Latin was not an original language of the scriptures.

In 1496, John Colet, another Oxford professor and the son of the Mayor of London, started reading the New Testament in Greek and translating it into English for his students at Oxford, and later for the public at Saint Paul’s Cathedral in London. The people were so hungry to hear the Word of God in a language they could understand, that within six months there were 20,000 people packed in the church and at least that many outside trying to get in! (Sadly, while the enormous and beautiful Saint Paul’s Cathedral remains the main church in London today, as of 2003, typical Sunday morning worship attendance is only around 200 people… and most of them are tourists). Fortunately for Colet, he was a powerful man with friends in high places, so he amazingly managed to avoid execution.

In considering the experiences of Linacre and Colet, the great scholar Erasmus was so moved to correct the corrupt Latin Vulgate, that in 1516, with the help of printer John Froben, he published a Greek-Latin Parallel New Testament. The Latin part was not the corrupt Vulgate, but his own fresh rendering of the text from the more accurate and reliable Greek, which he had managed to collate from a half-dozen partial old Greek New Testament manuscripts he had acquired. This milestone was the first non-Latin Vulgate text of the scripture to be produced in a millennium… and the first ever to come off a printing press. The 1516 Greek-Latin New Testament of Erasmus further focused attention on just how corrupt and inaccurate the Latin Vulgate had become, and how important it was to go back and use the original Greek (New Testament) and original Hebrew (Old Testament) languages to maintain accuracy… and to translate them faithfully into the languages of the common people, whether that be English, German, or any other tongue. No sympathy for this “illegal activity” was to be found from Rome, with the curious exception of the famous 1522 Complutensian Polyglot Bible, even as the words of Pope Leo X’s declaration that “the fable of Christ was quite profitable to him” continued through the years to infuriate the people of God.

William Tyndale was the Captain of the Army of Reformers, and was their spiritual leader. Tyndale holds the distinction of being the first man to ever print the New Testament in the English language. Tyndale was a true scholar and a genius, so fluent in eight languages that it was said one would think any one of them to be his native tongue. He is frequently referred to as the “Architect of the English Language”, (even more so than William Shakespeare) as so many of the phrases Tyndale coined are still in our language today. Martin Luther had a small head-start on Tyndale, as Luther declared his intolerance for the Roman Church’s corruption on Halloween in 1517, by nailing his 95 Theses of Contention to the Wittenberg Church door.

Martin Luther who would be exiled in the months following the Diet of Worms Council in 1521 that was designed to martyr him, would translate the New Testament into German for the first time from the 1516 Greek-Latin New Testament of Erasmus, and publish it in September of 1522. Luther also published a German Pentateuch in 1523, and another edition of the German New Testament in 1529. In the 1530’s he would go on to publish the entire Bible in German.
William Tyndale wanted to use the same 1516 Erasmus text as a source to translate and print the New Testament in English for the first time in history. Tyndale showed up on Luther’s doorstep in Germany in 1525, and by year’s end had translated the New Testament into English. Tyndale had been forced to flee England, because of the wide-spread rumor that his English New Testament project was underway, causing inquisitors and bounty hunters to be constantly on Tyndale’s trail to arrest him and prevent his project. God foiled their plans, and in 1525-1526 the Tyndale New Testament became the first printed edition of the scripture in the English language. Subsequent printings of the Tyndale New Testament in the 1530’s were often elaborately illustrated.
They were burned as soon as the Bishop could confiscate them, but copies trickled through and actually ended up in the bedroom of King Henry VIII. The more the King and Bishop resisted its distribution, the more fascinated the public at large became. The church declared it contained thousands of errors as they torched hundreds of New Testaments confiscated by the clergy, while in fact, they burned them because they could find no errors at all. One risked death by burning if caught in mere possession of Tyndale’s forbidden books.
Having God’s Word available to the public in the language of the common man, English, would have meant disaster to the church. No longer would they control access to the scriptures. If people were able to read the Bible in their own tongue, the church’s income and power would crumble. They could not possibly continue to get away with selling indulgences (the forgiveness of sins) or selling the release of loved ones from a church-manufactured “Purgatory”. People would begin to challenge the church’s authority if the church were exposed as frauds and thieves. The contradictions between what God’s Word said, and what the priests taught, would open the public’s eyes and the truth would set them free from the grip of fear that the institutional church held. Salvation through faith, not works or donations, would be understood. The need for priests would vanish through the priesthood of all believers. The veneration of church-canonized Saints and Mary would be called into question. The availability of the scriptures in English was the biggest threat imaginable to the wicked church. Neither side would give up without a fight.
Today, there are only two known copies left of Tyndale’s 1525-26 First Edition. Any copies printed prior to 1570 are extremely valuable. Tyndale’s flight was an inspiration to freedom-loving Englishmen who drew courage from the 11 years that he was hunted. Books and Bibles flowed into England in bales of cotton and sacks of flour. Ironically, Tyndale’s biggest customer was the King’s men, who would buy up every copy available to burn them and Tyndale used their money to print even more! In the end, Tyndale was caught: betrayed by an Englishman that he had befriended. Tyndale was incarcerated for 500 days before he was strangled and burned at the stake in 1536. Tyndale’s last words were, “Oh Lord, open the King of England’s eyes”. This prayer would be answered just three years later in 1539, when King Henry VIII finally allowed, and even funded, the printing of an English Bible known as the “Great Bible”.

Myles Coverdale and John “Thomas Matthew” Rogers had remained loyal disciples the last six years of Tyndale’s life, and they carried the English Bible project forward and even accelerated it. Coverdale finished translating the Old Testament, and in 1535 he printed the first complete Bible in the English language, making use of Luther’s German text and the Latin as sources. Thus, the first complete English Bible was printed on October 4, 1535, and is known as the Coverdale Bible.

John Rogers went on to print the second complete English Bible in 1537. It was, however, the first English Bible translated from the original Biblical languages of Hebrew & Greek. He printed it under the pseudonym “Thomas Matthew”, (an assumed name that had actually been used by Tyndale at one time) as a considerable part of this Bible was the translation of Tyndale, whose writings had been condemned by the English authorities. It is a composite made up of Tyndale’s Pentateuch and New Testament (1534-1535 edition) and Coverdale’s Bible and some of Roger’s own translation of the text. It remains known most commonly as the Matthew-Tyndale Bible. It went through a nearly identical second-edition printing in 1549.

In 1539, Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, hired Myles Coverdale at the bequest of King Henry VIII to publish the “Great Bible”. It became the first English Bible authorized for public use, as it was distributed to every church, chained to the pulpit, and a reader was even provided so that the illiterate could hear the Word of God in plain English. It would seem that William Tyndale’s last wish had been granted…just three years after his martyrdom. Cranmer’s Bible, published by Coverdale, was known as the Great Bible due to its great size: a large pulpit folio measuring over 14 inches tall. Seven editions of this version were printed between April of 1539 and December of 1541.
It was not that King Henry VIII had a change of conscience regarding publishing the Bible in English. His motives were more sinister but the Lord sometimes uses the evil intentions of men to bring about His glory. King Henry VIII had in fact, requested that the Pope permit him to divorce his wife and marry his mistress. The Pope refused. King Henry responded by marrying his mistress anyway, (later having two of his many wives executed), and thumbing his nose at the Pope by renouncing Roman Catholicism, taking England out from under Rome’s religious control, and declaring himself as the reigning head of State to also be the new head of the Church. This new branch of the Christian Church, neither Roman Catholic nor truly Protestant, became known as the Anglican Church or the Church of England. King Henry acted essentially as its “Pope”. His first act was to further defy the wishes of Rome by funding the printing of the scriptures in English, the first legal English Bible just for spite.
The ebb and flow of freedom continued through the 1540’s and into the 1550’s. After King Henry VIII, King Edward VI took the throne and after his death, the reign of Queen “Bloody” Mary was the next obstacle to the printing of the Bible in English. She was possessed in her quest to return England to the Roman Church. In 1555, John “Thomas Matthew” Rogers and Thomas Cranmer were both burned at the stake. Mary went on to burn reformers at the stake by the hundreds for the “crime” of being a Protestant. This era was known as the Marian Exile, and the refugees fled from England with little hope of ever seeing their home or friends again.

In the 1550’s, the Church at Geneva, Switzerland, was very sympathetic to the reformer refugees and was one of only a few safe havens for a desperate people. Many of them met in Geneva, led by Myles Coverdale and John Foxe (publisher of the famous Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, which is to this day the only exhaustive reference work on the persecution and martyrdom of Early Christians and Protestants from the first century up to the mid-16th century), as well as Thomas Sampson and William Whittingham. There, with the protection of the great theologian John Calvin (author of the most famous theological book ever published, Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion) and John Knox, the great Reformer of the Scottish Church. The Church of Geneva determined to produce a Bible that would educate their families while they continued in exile.
The New Testament was completed in 1557, and the complete Bible was first published in 1560. It became known as the Geneva Bible. Due to a passage in Genesis describing the clothing that God fashioned for Adam and Eve upon expulsion from the Garden of Eden as “Breeches” (an antiquated form of “Britches”). Some people referred to the Geneva Bible as the Breeches Bible.
The Geneva Bible was the first Bible to add numbered verses to the chapters, so that referencing specific passages would be easier. Every chapter was also accompanied by extensive marginal notes and references so thorough and complete that the Geneva Bible is also considered the first English “Study Bible”. William Shakespeare quotes hundreds of times in his plays from the Geneva translation of the Bible.
The Geneva Bible became the Bible of choice for over 100 years of English speaking Christians. Between 1560 and 1644 at least 144 editions of this Bible were published. Examination of the 1611 King James Bible shows clearly that its translators were influenced much more by the Geneva Bible, than by any other source. The Geneva Bible itself retains over 90% of William Tyndale’s original English translation. The Geneva in fact, remained more popular than the King James Version until decades after its original release in 1611. The Geneva holds the honor of being the first Bible taken to America, and the Bible of the Puritans and Pilgrims. It is truly the “Bible of the Protestant Reformation.” Strangely, the famous Geneva Bible has been out-of-print since 1644, so the only way to obtain one is to either purchase an original printing of the Geneva Bible, or a less costly facsimile reproduction of the original 1560 Geneva Bible.
With the end of Queen Mary’s bloody reign, the reformers could safely return to England. The Anglican Church, now under Queen Elizabeth I, reluctantly tolerated the printing and distribution of Geneva version Bibles in England.
The marginal notes, which were vehemently against the institutional Church of the day, did not rest well with the rulers of the day. Another version, one with a less inflammatory tone was desired, and the copies of the Great Bible were getting to be decades old. In 1568, a revision of the Great Bible known as the Bishop’s Bible was introduced. Despite 19 editions being printed between 1568 and 1606, this Bible, referred to as the “rough draft of the King James Version”, never gained much of a foothold of popularity among the people. The Geneva may have simply been too much to compete with.
By the 1580’s, the Roman Catholic Church saw that it had lost the battle to suppress the will of God: that His Holy Word be available in the English language. In 1582, the Church of Rome surrendered their fight for “Latin only” and decided that if the Bible was to be available in English, they would at least have an official Roman Catholic English translation. And so, using the corrupt and inaccurate Latin Vulgate as the only source text, they went on to publish an English Bible with all the distortions and corruptions that Erasmus had revealed and warned of 75 years earlier. Because it was translated at the Roman Catholic College in the city of Rheims, it was known as the Rheims New Testament (also spelled Rhemes). The Douay Old Testament was translated by the Church of Rome in 1609 at the College in the city of Douay (also spelled Doway & Douai). The combined product is commonly referred to as the “Doway/Rheims” Version. In 1589, Dr. William Fulke of Cambridge published the “Fulke’s Refutation”, in which he printed in parallel columns the Bishops Version along side the Rheims Version, attempting to show the error and distortion of the Roman Church’s corrupt compromise of an English version of the Bible.

With the death of Queen Elizabeth I, Prince James VI of Scotland became King James I of England. The Protestant clergy approached the new King in 1604 and announced their desire for a new translation to replace the Bishop’s Bible first printed in 1568. They knew that the Geneva Version had won the hearts of the people because of its excellent scholarship, accuracy, and exhaustive commentary. However, they did not want the controversial marginal notes (proclaiming the Pope an Anti-Christ, etc.) Essentially, the leaders of the church desired a Bible for the people, with scriptural references only for word clarification or cross-references. This “translation to end all translations” (for a while at least) was the result of the combined effort of about fifty scholars. They took into consideration: The Tyndale New Testament, The Coverdale Bible, The Matthews Bible, The Great Bible, The Geneva Bible, and even the Rheims New Testament. The great revision of the Bishop’s Bible had begun. From 1605 to 1606 the scholars engaged in private research. From 1607 to 1609 the work was assembled. In 1610 the work went to press, and in 1611 the first of the huge (16 inch tall) pulpit folios known today as “The 1611 King James Bible” came off the printing press.
A typographical discrepancy in Ruth 3:15 rendered a pronoun “He” instead of “She” in that verse in some printings. This caused some of the 1611 First Editions to be known by collectors as “He” Bibles, and others as “She” Bibles. Starting just one year after the huge 1611 pulpit-size King James Bibles were printed and chained to every church pulpit in England; printing then began on the earliest normal-size printings of the King James Bible. These were produced so individuals could have their own personal copy of the Bible.

The Anglican Church’s King James Bible took decades to overcome the more popular Protestant Church’s Geneva Bible. One of the greatest ironies of history, is that many Protestant Christian churches today embrace the King James Bible exclusively as the “only” legitimate English language translation yet it is not even a Protestant translation. It was printed to compete with the Protestant Geneva Bible, by authorities who throughout most of history were hostile to Protestants and killed them. While many Protestants are quick to assign the full blame of persecution to the Roman Catholic Church, it should be noted that even after England broke from Roman Catholicism in the 1500’s, the Church of England (The Anglican Church) continued to persecute Protestants throughout the 1600’s. One famous example of this is John Bunyan, who while in prison for the crime of preaching the Gospel, wrote one of Christian history’s greatest books, Pilgrim’s Progress. Throughout the 1600’s, as the Puritans and the Pilgrims fled the religious persecution of England to cross the Atlantic and start a new free nation in America, they took with them their precious Geneva Bible, and rejected the King’s Bible. America was founded upon the Geneva Bible, not the King James Bible.
Protestants today are largely unaware of their own history, and unaware of the Geneva Bible (which is textually 95% the same as the King James Version, but 50 years older than the King James Version, and not influenced by the Roman Catholic Rheims New Testament that the King James translators admittedly took into consideration). Nevertheless, the King James Bible turned out to be an excellent and accurate translation, and it became the most printed book in the history of the world, and the only book with one billion copies in print. In fact, for over 250 years until the appearance of the English Revised Version of 1881-1885, the King James Version reigned without much of a rival. One little-known fact, is that for the past 250 years, all “King James Version” Bibles published anywhere by any publisher are actually Blaney’s 1769 Revised Oxford Edition of the 1611 King James Bible. The original “1611” preface is almost always deceivingly included by modern Bible publishing companies, and no mention of the fact that it is really the 1769 version is to be found, because that might hurt sales among those imagining that they are reading the original 1611 version.  
The only way to obtain a true, unaltered, 1611 version is to either purchase an original pre-1769 printing of the King James Bible, or a less costly facsimile reproduction of the original 1611 King James Bible.  A first edition facsimile reproduction of Blaney’s 1769 Revised Oxford Edition of the 1611 King James Bible is also available, which exemplifies the 20,000 spelling and punctuation changes and over 400 wording changes made to the original 1611 to 1768 King James Bible, when compared to King James Bibles published between 1769 and today.

Although the first Bible printed in America was done in the native Algonquin Indian Language by John Eliot in 1663; the first English language Bible to be printed in America by Robert Aitken in 1782 was a King James Version. Robert Aitken’s 1782 Bible was also the only Bible ever authorized by the United States Congress. He was commended by President George Washington for providing Americans with Bibles during the embargo of imported English goods due to the Revolutionary War. In 1808, Robert’s daughter, Jane Aitken, would become the first woman to ever print a Bible and to do so in America, of course. In 1791, Isaac Collins vastly improved upon the quality and size of the typesetting of American Bibles and produced the first “Family Bible” printed in America also a King James Version. Also in 1791, Isaiah Thomas published the first Illustrated Bible printed in America in the King James Version.

While Noah Webster, just a few years after producing his famous Dictionary of the English Language, would produce his own modern translation of the English Bible in 1833. The public remained too loyal to the King James Version for Webster’s version to have much impact. It was not really until the 1880’s that England’s own planned replacement for their King James Bible, the English Revised Version(E.R.V.) would become the first English language Bible to gain popular acceptance as a post-King James Version modern-English Bible. The widespread popularity of this modern-English translation brought with it another curious characteristic: the absence of the 14 Apocryphal books. Up until the 1880’s every Protestant Bible (not just Catholic Bibles) had 80 books, not 66. The inter-testamental books written hundreds of years before Christ called “The Apocrypha” were part of virtually every printing of the Tyndale-Matthews Bible, the Great Bible, the Bishops Bible, the Protestant Geneva Bible, and the King James Bible until their removal in the 1880’s!
The original 1611 King James contained the Apocrypha, and King James threatened anyone who dared to print the Bible without the Apocrypha with heavy fines and a year in jail. Only for the last 120 years has the Protestant Church rejected these books, and removed them from their Bibles. This has left most modern-day Christians believing the popular myth that there is something “Roman Catholic” about the Apocrypha. There is, however, no truth in that myth, and no widely-accepted reason for the removal of the Apocrypha in the 1880’s has ever been officially issued by a mainline Protestant denomination.
The Americans responded to England’s E.R.V. Bible by publishing the nearly-identical American Standard Version (A.S.V.) in 1901. It was also widely-accepted and embraced by churches throughout America for many decades as the leading modern-English version of the Bible. In the 1971, it was again revised and called New American Standard Version Bible (often referred to as the N.A.S.V. or N.A.S.B. or N.A.S.). This New American Standard Bible is considered by nearly all evangelical Christian scholars and translators today, to be the most accurate, word-for-word translation of the original Greek and Hebrew scriptures into the modern English language that has ever been produced. It remains the most popular version among theologians, professors, scholars, and seminary students today. Some, however, have taken issue with it because it is so direct and literal a translation (focused on accuracy), that it does not flow as easily in conversational English.
For this reason, in 1973, the New International Version (N.I.V.) was produced, which was offered as a “dynamic equivalent” translation into modern English. The N.I.V. was designed not for “word-for-word” accuracy, but rather, for “phrase-for-phrase” accuracy, and ease of reading even at a Junior High-School reading level. It was meant to appeal to a broader (and in some instances less-educated) cross-section of the general public. Critics of the N.I.V. often jokingly refer to it as the “Nearly Inspired Version”, but that has not stopped it from becoming the best-selling modern-English translation of the Bible ever published.
In 1982, Thomas Nelson Publishers produced what they called the “New King James Version”. Their original intent was to keep the basic wording of the King James to appeal to King James Version loyalists, while only changing the most obscure words and the Elizabethan “thee, thy, thou” pronouns. This was an interesting marketing ploy, however, upon discovering that this was not enough of a change for them to be able to legally copyright the result, they had to make more significant revisions, which defeated their purpose in the first place. It was never taken seriously by scholars, but it has enjoyed some degree of public acceptance, simply because of its clever “New King James Version” marketing name.
In 2002, a major attempt was made to bridge the gap between the simple readability of the N.I.V., and the extremely precise accuracy of the N.A.S.B. This translation is called the English Standard Version (E.S.V.) and is rapidly gaining popularity for its readability and accuracy. The 21st Century will certainly continue to bring new translations of God’s Word in the modern English language.
As Christians, we must be very careful to make intelligent and informed decisions about what translations of the Bible we choose to read. On the liberal extreme, we have people who would give us heretical new translations that attempt to change God’s Word to make it politically correct. One example of this, which has made headlines recently is the Today’s New International Version (T.N.I.V.) which seeks to remove all gender-specific references in the Bible whenever possible! Not all new translations are good and some are very bad.
But equally dangerous, is the other extreme of blindly rejecting ANY English translation that was produced in the four centuries that have come after the 1611 King James. We must remember that the main purpose of the Protestant Reformation was to get the Bible out of the chains of being trapped in an ancient language that few could understand and into the modern, spoken, conversational language of the present day. William Tyndale fought and died for the right to print the Bible in the common, spoken, modern English tongue of his day as he boldly told one official who criticized his efforts. “If God spare my life, I will see to it that the boy who drives the plowshare knows more of the scripture than you, Sir”.
Will we now go backwards, and seek to imprison God’s Word once again exclusively in ancient translations? Clearly it is not God’s will that we over-react to some of the bad modern translations, by rejecting ALL new translations and “throwing the baby out with the bathwater”. The Word of God is unchanging from generation to generation, but language is a dynamic and ever-changing form of communication. We therefore have a responsibility before God as Christians to make sure that each generation has a modern translation that they can easily understand, yet that does not sacrifice accuracy in any way. Let’s be ever mindful that we are not called to worship the Bible. That is called idolatry. We are called to worship the one true God who gave us the Bible, and who preserved it through the centuries of people who sought to destroy it.

Remember, it is God who preserves His word from generation to generation and not man.

Psalms 12: 6 The words of the LORD are pure words: as silver tried in a furnace of earth, purified seven times.
7 Thou shalt keep them, O LORD, thou shalt preserve them from this generation for ever.